Scripts and Languages
turfanforschung/bilder/sprachen-und-schriften/u0098recto.jpg
Documentation of the languages and scripts attested in pre-islamic Central Asia mainly using images from the Berlin Turfan Collection
compiled by Turfanforschung, Berlin and Göttingen
Languages and scripts in Central Asian Collections
|
language |
script |
sample |
description |
|
|
Old Tukic |
Brāhmī |
Mainz 641 |
Fragment of theSäkiz Yükmäk Yarok sudur |
|
|
" |
Manichaean |
U 98 |
'Great Hymn to Mani'. Folio 24 in loose-leaf pothi-format. |
|
|
" |
Sogdian |
Mainz 225 |
Fragment of the Uighur version of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra. |
|
|
" |
Uighur |
U 3281 |
Fragment of the Kš anti kılguluk nom bitig (chapter 1, folio 45) in Uighur script. |
|
|
" |
Nestorian |
U 7264 |
Fragment of a wedding blessing of the Old Turkish Christian community. |
|
|
" |
Tibetan |
Mainz 712 |
Namaskāras to different Bodhisattvas. |
|
|
" |
Runic |
U 5 |
Fragment of an Old Turkish Manichaean story in Runic script; well preserved folio of a Manichaean book in codex format. |
 |
|
" |
Arabian |
'Turki No. 1 continued' |
A Turkish Yarkand document of a contract, the witnesses' statements are preserved. The way of folding such documents is visible. (M. Erdal, The Turkish Yarkand Documents, in: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies XLVII,2 (1984), 260-301. |
|
|
" |
'Phags-pa |
MongHT 71 |
|
 |
|
Chinese |
Brāhmī |
|
|
see A Chinese text in Central Asian Brahmi script : new evidence for the pronunciation of Late Middle Chinese and Khotanese / R.E. Emmerick and E.G. Pulleyblank, Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Roma, 1993. |
|
" |
Sogdian |
U 8004 |
|
 |
|
" |
Uighur |
U 5335 |
|
 |
|
" |
Tibetan |
|
|
see A. Stein and Thomas, Frederick William, S. Miyamoto, and G.L.M. Clauson, 1929. 'A Chinese Mahayana Catechism in Tibetan and Chinese Characters'. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1929), 37-76. |
|
" |
Chinese | |||
|
Sanskrit |
Brāhmī |
SHT 9_2c |
|
 |
|
" |
Sogdian |
U 6171 |
dhāranī |
 |
|
" |
Uighur |
U 5334 |
dhāranī |
 |
|
" |
Tibetan |
|
|
(Dunhuang) |
|
" |
Chinese |
|
|
dhāranīs and the heart sutra in Dunhuang |
|
" |
other Indian scripts, i.e. Pālā |
SHT 7174 |
|
 |
|
Sogdian |
Brāhmī |
Mainz 639 |
Medical terms in Sanskrit and Sogdian. |
 |
|
" |
Manichaean |
M 172 |
The beginning of Mani's Evangelium in Middle Persian with Sogdian translation. |
 |
|
" |
Sogdian |
Ch/So 20166 |
A list of 'nations'. |
 |
|
" |
Nestorian |
n 493 |
A dialogue between two monks. |
 |
|
Middle Persian |
Manichaean |
M 477b + M 482 |
From a copy of the Shabuhragan, Mani's Middle Persian work presented to the Sasanian king Shabuhr I. |
 |
|
" |
Sogdian |
So 18056 |
Part of Mani's Evangelium. |
 |
|
" |
Runic |
|
|
(MIK III 35) |
|
" |
Pahlavī |
PS 7 |
A Christian Translation of the Psalms into Middle Persian in archaic script. |
 |
|
New Persian |
Manichaean |
M 786 |
Fragment of a Qaside with Arabic and Manichaean elements. (Henning 1962, 99ff.) |
 |
|
" |
Nestorian |
n 175 |
Pharmacological text. (Sims-Williams, New Persian Turfan texts in Syriac script) |
 |
|
" |
Arabic |
np 1 |
|
 |
|
" |
Hebrew |
|
|
two Judaeo-Persian letters from Dandan-i Uiliq, see the older one in A. Stein, Ancient Khotan II, CXIX. |
|
Parthian |
Manichaean |
M 4a |
|
 |
|
" |
Sogdian |
Ch/So 11600 |
Reck 2006, 69 |
 |
|
" |
Runic |
|
|
(MIK III 35) |
|
" |
Chinese |
|
|
Manichaean Chinese hymn scroll from Dunhuang. The terms are listed in G. Mikkelsen's Dictionary of Manichaean Texts in Chinese, 2006. |
|
Bactrian |
Manichaean |
M 1224 |
A page from a Bactrian book written on leather. (Sims-Williams 2009). |
 |
|
" |
Hephtalite |
h 1 |
Bactrian in Hephtalite script, a form of a cursive Greek script. |
 |
|
Tibetan |
Brāhmī |
|
|
(Dunhuang) |
|
" |
Uighur |
U 5824 |
|
 |
|
" |
Tibetan |
TibHT 37 |
Folio of a manuscript on birch bark, collection of dhāranīs (gzuns-bsdus redaction). |
 |
|
Mongolian |
Brāhmī |
|
|
|
|
" |
'Phags-pa |
MongHT 8 |
Fragment of a Mongolian version of the Subhāsitaratnanidhi. Blockprint, pagination in Chinese. |
 |
|
" |
Mongolian |
MongHT 85+MongHT 86 (= U 5361) |
Mongolian document, order to gate commanders. |
 |
|
Prakrit |
Brāhmī |
SHT 16/10 |
Mixture of Sanskrit and Prakrit. Prakrit: second line. |
 |
|
" |
Kharosṭhī |
THT 4059 |
|
 |
|
Tumshuq Saka |
Brāhmī |
TS 45 |
|
 |
|
" |
Kharosṭhī |
|
|
apparently not attested with certainty |
|
Khotanese |
Brāhmī |
KS 5 |
|
|
|
Tocharian A |
Brāhmī |
THT 909 |
Fragment of the Maitreyasamiti-Nāṭaka (act XVI). |
 |
|
Tocharian B |
Brāhmī |
THT 491 |
Wooden object, Tocharian document, register. |
 |
|
" |
Manichaean |
U 101a,b |
"Great Hymn to Mani". Folio 27 in loose-leaf pothi format, alternating text in Old Turkic and Tocharian B. |
 |
|
Hebrew |
Hebrew |
|
|
(Dunhuang) |
|
Syriac |
Nestorian |
SyrHT 2 |
Draft of a Syriac letter. |
 |
|
" |
Uighur |
SyrHT 20 |
Folio of a manuscript with a mixture of passages from the Psalter and the Huḏrā. |
 |
|
Arabic |
Arabian |
|
|
Yarkand (M. Gronke, 'The Arabic Yārkand documents', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies XLIX ,3 1986, 454-507.) |
|
Tangut/Xixia |
Tangut |
Mainz 197 |
|
 |
|
Greek |
Greek |
So 12950 (2) |
|
 |
|
Khitan |
Khitan |
Ch 3586 |
|
 |
Deutsch
English
